A Short Note On Alcohol, Tobacco, Marijuana, And Opioids

Julie Thao HSCD 300-01 Essay 1 February 7th, 2016 1. The four most commonly used substances as described from the course textbook are alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and opioids. Alcohol is a translucent liquid in appearance and has a bitter acquired taste which suppresses brain activity. The intake of alcohol effects the cerebral cortex by ceasing the inhibition of user and develops a relaxed and more social characteristic in the way the user interacts with others. As a depressant, the use of alcohol with its relaxing effect causes impairment in cognition and ability to make effective decisions. Another effect caused by the intake of alcohol are increased sex drive prior to the frontal lobe of the brain being under the influence of chemicals and damage to the major brain neurotransmitters, which can lead to impairment of new memories. The effects that alcohol are accountable for on the body are on the cardiovascular system and massive amounts of alcohol use leading to intoxication can cause severe damage to the liver including the ne rvous system resulting in death (Stevens, P., Smith, R. L., 2013). Nicotine can be found in tobacco products an example is in cigarettes. It serves as a minor stimulant as well as a sedative to the central nervous system. The effect nicotine gives off is known as a â€Å"kick† which is caused by a â€Å"discharge of epinephrine from the adrenal cortex,† that stimulates the central nervous system and endocrine glands to establish an immediate releaseShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome2122 Words   |  9 Pagesexposed to such substances before birth can be affected by NAS. Approximately 5-15% of all pregnant women have some form of substance abuse during pregnancy ( Pairman, Tracy, Thorogood and Pincombe 2013). 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It is usually smoked as cigarette, or in a pipe. It is also smoked in blunts, in which cigars will be emptied of tobacco and refill with marijuana o r sometimes it is combined with anotherRead MoreDrug Abuse8640 Words   |  35 Pagesto look around. But a world has turn into a place where humanity cannot survive, only steel can. In this fast paced, ruthless, aggressive environment, there are easy ways out. Alcohol, cigarettes, drugs, are some of the most popular substances abused by people in order to include a false sense of peace, to provide a short but powerful release from the worries and troubles of their daily lives to provide a means of escape from the harsh realities of life. This report is intended to be a reminderRead More Marijuana and the Biological Bases of Behavior Essay5397 Words   |  22 PagesMarijuana and the Biological Bases of Behavior Marijuana is the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. 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The prevalence of smoking during pregnancy variesRead MoreHemp Cultivation in China42289 Words   |  170 PagesA different spontaneously occurring variety of Cannabis is found on the north side of Tai Shan far from the influence of religious pilgrimage. This â€Å"wild† (naturally occurring without the influence of cultivation) variety is characterized by very short stature (less than one meter), reduced leaves with narrow leaflets, tiny dark seeds, and a very compact and highly branched growth form, even when crowded together. Some populations also have very red stems. Wild Cannabis flourishes on the rocky fringes

The Effect Of New Protein Synthesis At Prl Cortex - 900 Words

training. Mice infused with anisomycin (n= 12) immediately after conditioning showed impairment in contextual fear memory compared with vehicle-infused animals (saline, n=18) when tested 24 hours after CFC training (DF=28, F=7.19, t-test: p 0.05) (Figure 2A). Surprisingly, irrespective of the overall decrease in freezing percentage, mice injected with anisomycin did not show any statistical difference in the level of freezing within the first 2 minutes of the test (Figure 2B). By the third minute of testing, ANI-injected mice show a significant decrease in their level of freezing, showing statistical significant differences until the end of the test (drug Ãâ€" memory minutes of test DF=28, F=13.16, t-test p 0.01; DF=28, F=7.66, t-test p 0.01; DF=28, F=5.46, t-test p 0.05) (Figure 2B). These results suggested that new protein synthesis at PrL cortex is critical for the encoding of contextual fear memories. To further understand new protein synthesis at PFC, we asked whether other subregions of PFC are also critical for encoding of contextual fear memories. To address this question, we studied the role of cingulate cortex 1 (CG1) region of PFC in encoding. We injected anisomycin to inhibit protein synthesis at CG1. Four separate groups of animals received anisomycin and saline infusions into the adjacent CG1 (Saline, n= 8; ANI, n=6; Figure 2 C and D). As in the case of Prl cortex, anisomicyn was injected shortly after CFC training. Measurements of freezing at 24 hoursShow MoreRelatedThe Encoding of Contextual Fear Conditioning1296 Words   |  5 PagesThe formation of new memories requires protein synthesis dependent changes in synaptic structure and plasticity in the hippocampus. Studies in humans and animals suggest that these memories are initially stored in hippocampus but later transferred to cortex for permanent storage. This phenomenon is described as systems consolidation of m emories. While the specific role for new protein synthesis in hippocampus in early encoding of memories is established, whether protein synthesis in medial prefrontalRead MoreEssay on The Endocrine System Exam3777 Words   |  16 PagesMatch the hormone to the Gland that Secretes it and the Target organ it effects Hormone ACTH ADH CRH FSH GHRH GnRH hGH (Somatotropin) LH MSH Oxytocin PIH (Dopamine) PRL (Prolactin) Somatostatin (GHIH) TRH TSH A. Liver B. Thyroid C. Gonads – Sperm or Ova D. Gonads - Testosterone E. Mammary Glands - Milk Secreted by 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Target organ 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 F. Adrenal cortex Glucocorticoids G. Brain - Melanin H. Anterior Pituitary I. PosteriorRead MoreEssay on The Endocrine System: Billys Case1294 Words   |  6 Pagesstructure of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus facilitate for hormone secretion. The pituitary gland consists of the posterior and anterior lobe. It is lined with specialised epithelial cells which secrete hormones to be released into the blood to effect target cells. Hormones are regulated, controlled and secreted initially by the hypothalamus. The hypophyseal portal system and infudibulum stem connect the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland to enable the hypothalamus to send hormones to the pituitaryRead MoreSocm Study Guide Essay30404 Words   |  122 PagesPhysiology – study of functions of living cells Special Physiology – study of the physiology of specific organs System Physiology – considers all aspects of the function of specific organ systems Pathological physiology (Pathology) – studies the effects of disease on organ or syst4m functions Identify the major levels of organization in living organisms. A. Chemical B. Cellular level C. Tissue level D. Organ level E. Organ system level F. Organism level Identify the

Forensic Accounting and Fraud Detection

Question: Discuss about the Forensic Accounting and Fraud Detection. Answer: Introduction Incidences of fraud have been observed in the private companies and the government institutions in the past few years. Following the matter, many businesses are becoming more protective of their enterprises through engaging in investigations and analysis of their economic cycles with an aim of eliminating the chances for committing an economic fraud. The change in the curriculum is said to be as a result of the gat that exists between education and the skills needed in the market. Today, the services of forensic accounting are seen to be in high demand and many business operations and operators have acknowledged the importance of the profession. This research is mainly to focus on the forensic accounting skills that graduates will need to be able to fill in the forensic accounting sector and have a place in the accounting market. The research will be focusing mainly on answering the questions; How effective can forensic accounting be in the prevention of economic fraud? Can the use of external auditors be a tool in the detection and prevention of economic fraud? Referring to the conventional accounting tools, is forensic accounting better? Objectives The major objectives of the study would be to; Determine the application of forensic accounting in business organizations Defining the recommendations on the steps to developing the forensic accounting practice. Evaluate the roles of forensic accounting in the process of deterring fraud. Literature Review The highly increasing rates of complex businesses have been accompanied a rise in fraud cases that calls for investigations in the accounting departments of the affected companies. thus, forensic accounting Has been used frequently in such cases as a tool of fraud detection in the investigations. According to Maurice (1994), the globalization of many businesses saw the auditors shifting from the fraud detection to reporting financial statements. As such, there was a gap created between the auditors and the people using the financial statements reporting and were still considering the auditors as their defense against fraud (Imonian, Antunes Formigoni, 2013). Thornhill (1995) stated in his works that forensic accounting referred to the people using their financial skills in conjunction with their investigative experience to attend to the fraud issues within the rules that are inbound to the evidence. Further, he highlighted that the exercise included the financial experience on fraud cases and the understanding of the business and the insights on the legal system. Anwar and Uddin (2008) mentioned in their works that forensic accounting uses the understanding of the business information and the reporting systems and other tools in the department to gather perform their work. The researches indicate that there have never been fraud detection services in Australia in the past despite the fact that fraud incidences have been there since decades ago (Efiong, 2012). Today, the services of forensic accounting are seen to be in high demand and many business operations and operators have acknowledged the importance of the profession. As of today, many employees prefer employing accounting graduates with forensic accounting skills. In the field of accounting, the knowledge in forensic accounting has become an additional advantage as the job market today requires one to have ideas in forensic to be employed in the accounting departments (Othman et al., 2015). Conceptual Framework The introduction of forensic accounting in the modern accounting concepts has been seen to be associated with a lot of beneficial advantages. There are certain steps in the context that can allow the accounting personnel to deal with the financial crimes extensively. The figure below is a contextual framework that can be used in cases of the financial crimes and the accounting departments (Pedneault et al., 2012). Management of Data and Ethical responsibilities In the research, ethics is the main aspect that is held with a lot of weight. The researcher in the project will be obliged to protect the entire confidential communications that will be obtained from the participants (Sekaran Bougie, 2013). In the project, the research is to be conducted with a lot of care that will ensure no errors and made and that the conclusions met would have been drawn from the data analysis process without the influence of the researchers point of view. Also, all the sources of information that would have been used, including their authors are to be acknowledged in the entire paper (Rezaee Suen, 2016). Considering that today many graduates possess forensic accounting skills, which can be used in fraud detection, they are expected to be ethical in the services they offer. As much as they detect and eliminate fraud incidences, they are expected not to take advantage and involve in fraud and eliminate evidences. References Efiong, E. J. (2012). Forensic accounting education: An exploration of level of awareness in developing economies-Nigeria as a case study.International Journal of business and management,7(4), 26. Imoniana, J. O., Antunes, M. T. P., Formigoni, H. (2013). The forensic accounting and corporate fraud.JISTEM-Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management,10(1), 119-144 Othman, R., Aris, N. A., Mardziyah, A., Zainan, N., Amin, N. M. (2015). Fraud Detection and Prevention Methods in the Malaysian Public Sector: Accountants and Internal Auditors Perceptions.Procedia Economics and Finance,28, 59-67 Pedneault, S., Silverstone, H., Rudewicz, F., Sheetz, M. (2012).Forensic accounting and fraud investigation for non-experts. John Wiley Sons. Rezaee, Z., Lo, D., Ha, M., Suen, A. (2016). Forensic Accounting Education and Practice: Insights From China.Journal of Forensic Investigative Accounting,8(1). Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R. (2013).Research Methods for Business - A Skill Building Approach(6th ). Wiley.